Instruments and Measurement Systems: Instrument Response, Measurement Quality, Signal to Noise ratio, Measurement Artifacts, Instrument Response Time, Instrumental Time Resolution, Detection Limit and Sensivity, Sources of Uncertainties, Calibration procedures. Basic statistics, concept of error and uncertainty analysis, Error analysis, probability distribution functions, regression analysis, least square fit, goodness of fit, uncertainties in the fit, propagation of error for a simple linear system.

Introduction to hydrometeorology, hydrologic and bio geochemical cycles, Water vapour in atmosphere, Vertical gradients in atmosphere, Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Surface Energy balances, Sensible heat flux, Latent heat flux, heat budgets, Plant canopy interactions with the atmosphere. Evaporation, evapotranspiration and their measurements, empirical equations, potential evapotranspiration, Global carbon cycling, Leaf energy fluxes, vegetation dynamics, Canopy processes and Canopy resistance.

Unit I:Global Circulation: Differential Heating - Latitude variation of radiation balance - Meridional Temperature Gradient; Meridional Heat transport through atmosphere and ocean; Thermal Wind; Jet Stream - Baroclinicity, Angular momentum; Vorticity - Relative Vorticity, Absolute Vorticity, Potential Vorticity, Isentropic Potential Vorticity; Instability - Barotropic Instability & Rossby Waves, Baroclinic Instability & Planetary Waves; Global Winds -General Circulation of the Atmosphere, Single-cell Model, Three-Cell Model, ITCZ; Westerly Winds and the Jet Streams, Brewer Dobson circu

Unit 1: Structure and variability of Earth's ionosphereIntroduction to neutral upper atmosphere and its interaction with solar radiation: Thermal structure of the atmosphere, Heat balance and temperature profile of thermosphere, Dissociation and diffusive separation and thermospheric composition, Exosphere, Solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, Attenuation of solar radiation in the atmosphere, thermal effect of radiation, photochemical effects of radiation, AirglowFormation of ionosphere and its processes: Structure of ionosphere, Production of ionospheric layers, Chapman’s theory of p

Overview of Polar Geography and Climate; History of Indian Antarctic programme; Physicalcharacteristics; weather and climate, ice coring in Antarctica for Paleo-environment studies,logistics of Antarctic Science, opportunities, Antarctic governance and protection of Antarcticenvironment, International linkages.Ice characteristics and physical oceanography of polar seas; Sea ice: types, physical andmechanical properties, heat flux, temporal and spatial distribution, melting and freezing processes,forecasting models, and remote sensing of ice/snow covered surfaces.

Introduction: definitions and background, variables, wind and flow, turbulent transports; Taylor’s hypothesis and observing techniques, boundary layer depth and structure Mathematical and conceptual tools: Turbulence and its spectrum; spectral gap; mean and turbulent parts; basic statistical methods; rules of averaging; turbulent kinetic energy; kinematic flux, eddy flux; stresses. Governing equations for turbulent flow: methodology, basic equations, simplifications and approximations, equations for mean variables in a turbulent flow.

History of satellite and radar meteorology; Orbits and navigation, Orbit perturbations, Meteorological satellite orbits, Satellite positioning, tracking, and navigation, Space-time sampling, Launch vehicles and profiles; Elements of radiative transfer - Basic quantities, Blackbody radiation, Radiative transfer equation, Gaseous absorption, Scattering, Solar radiation and surface reflection; Meteorological satellite instrumentation - Operational polar orbiting satellites, Operational geostationary satellites, Other satellite instruments, Satellite data archives; Radar - Radar basics, Convention

The significance of Air-Sea Interaction; Atmospheric and Oceanic Interaction at various scales; Concept of Boundary Layer; Atmospheric Heat Budget; Variations of wind, temperature and moisture over the sea surface. Air sea temperature differences; Wind stress and resultant drag coefficient with variation to wind speed; Upper ocean boundary layer.

Tropospheric Aerosols: Aerosols, Historical understanding of tropospheric aerosols, Contemporary understanding of tropospheric aerosols; Particle Sources and Strengths - widespread surface sources (Biogenic sources, Volcanoes, Ocean and fresh water, Crustal and Cryospheric Aerosols, Biomass burning); Spatial Sources - Gas to particle conversion (Sulfur & Nitrogern - Containing compounds, Organic and Carbonaceous Particles), Cloud as a Source of Aerosols, External Sources; Particle Size Distribution and Chemical Compositions (Polar aerosols, Background aerosols, Maritime aerosols, Remote co

Remote Sensing techniques applicable to planetary geology; applications derived from interaction of electromagnetic radiation (X-ray, gamma-ray, visible, near-IR, mid-IR, radar) with geologic materials.

Introduction: Numerical Weather Prediction as an Initial Value Problem, Filtering Problem, Finite Difference techniques for various partial differential equations (parabolic, hyperbolic and elliptic), Time integration schemes, Explicit, Implicit, and semi-implicit Schemes.Consistency and stability [CFL condition], Von Newmann stability analysis for various finite difference schemes, Staggered grid, Nonlinear instability,Arakawa Jacobians, Semi lagrangian methods, Spectral Technique, Galerkin methods, Introduction to Hierarchy of numerical models: Barotropic models, Equivalent barotropic model,