• Stokes parameter

• Diffraction at an edge

• Fourier optics

• Fiber optics-numerical aperture and fiber loss

• Measurement of refractive index and absorption coefficient

• Characterization of optical sources – LED and Laser diode

• Pockel effect

• Kerr effect

• Ultrasonic diffraction

• Holography

Social Science: introduction to sociology, anthropology – social science research design and sampling.

Ethics: professional and personal ethics – values & norms and human rights.

Fluid properties – fluid statics – fluid kinematics: material derivative, rotation, deformation – Reynolds transport theorem – physical conservation laws – integral and differential formulations – Navier-Stokes and energy equations – exact solution of Navier-Stokes equations: steady and unsteady flows – potential flows: basic flow patterns, superposition – waves in fluids – boundary layer theory: momentum integral approach, Blasius solution – introduction to turbulence.

Ray methods in optics, Fermats principle,ray transfer matrices(ABCD),unit planes, nodal planes, system of lens and mirrors.  Ray methods in  media with spatially varying refractive index. Aberrations, coma, astigmatism,
curvature, distortion and chromatic aberration.   (8 lectures)

Characteristics of the Sun – internal structure – solar observations – solar atmosphere – oscillations – Convection – rotation – magnetism – chromosphere – corona – solar wind – quiet Sun – Active Sun – Helioseismology.

Properties of known exoplanets – exoplanet surveys – detection methods – formation, interior and evolution of planets – brown dwarf exoplanets connection – close orbiting exoplanets – multiple planet systems – planets in binary systems – moons of exoplanets. Origin of life – prebiotic molecules and development of life forms – habitable zone – Mars and life – Icy bodies (Europa and others) – Titan’s atmosphere – detection of exoplanets – search for extraterrestrial life.

Scientific background : Variable stars, binary stars and their evolution, supernovae, pulsars and associated phenomena (even include testing theories of gravity using pulsars), accretion and associated phenomena (like x-ray bursts), gamma-ray bursts, rotating radio transients (RRATS), jets & outflows (micro-quasars etc), AGNs-blazars-QSOs.

Atomic structure: review of Schrodinger equation – overview of single and multiple electron systems – perturbations and level splittings – parity – spin orbit coupling – Zeeman effect – hyperfine structure – Boltzmann population of energy levels in thermal equilibrium – Saha equation. Radiative transitions: semi-classical theory – dipole approximation – Einstein coefficients and oscillator strengths – selection rules and transition rates.

Unpolarised light, Linear, Circular, Elliptical polarised light, Partially and fully polarised light, Stokes parameters, Dichroism, Birefringence, Poincare sphere – Mueller and Jones representations with applications – Complex plane of polarisation states. Generation of polarised light in astronomy – polarisation by reflection, scattering geometry, magnetic fields - dependence on refractive index – synchrotron emission – Faraday rotation – Dust in ISM. Instrumental polarisation errors and their calibration.

Basic cosmology – Expansion of the universe – scale factor – cosmological redshift – descriptive overview of inflation, unification of forces and fundamental particles. Primordial nucleosynthesis – elemental abundances: predictions and observations. Cosmic Microwave Background – detection, power spectrum, origin of CMB, anisotropies in the CMB and their origin – overview of COBE and WMAP probes – mission and instrumentation.