Conservation laws – Euler’s Equations – Common Equa tions of State – Hydrostatic Equiibrium – Isothermal sphere – Virial Theorem – linear pertu rbation theory – acoustic waves – Jeans’ instability – Rayleigh Taylor instability – de Lava l nozzle - Parker wind solution – Bondi accretion – Shock waves– Sedov solution – elements of plasma physics - Debye screening – orbit theory - elements of MHD – flux freezing – Alfven waves - Langmuir oscillations –dispersion relation of electromagnetic waves propagating in plasmas- plasm a instabilities - transport phenomena

CCD characterisation, Orbit maker and Virtual Obser vatory, Night sky observations (Polar alignment of an astronomical telescope, Estimating atmospheric extinction in different colours (filters), measuring period of binary, imaging star clusters with various filters and plotting on H-R diagram, Distance determination to Cepheid variable s based on their light curves, Classification of stars based on their spectra and the use of spec tral classification in deriving distances to stars, etc)

Principles of Relativity: Overview of Special Relativity - spacetime interval and Lorentz metric- four vectors - Introduction to general relativity (GR) - equivalence principle - notions of curvature - gravitation as a manifestation of the curvature of spacetime - gravitational redshift and clock corrections - orbits in strong gravity, light bending and gravitational lensing - concept of horizon and ergosphere, hydrostatic equilibrium in GR - gravitational radiation.

Classification of galaxies – contents and dimensions – collisionless stellar dynamics – relaxation time, dynamical friction, violent relaxation – galactic potential and orbits – spiral density wave and Lindblad resonance – rotation curves – Tully-Fisher relation – Central Black Holes and fundamental plane relationship – Mass and Luminosity function – Press Schechter formalism –Star formation history and chemical evolution – active galaxies and activity duty cycle – galaxies at high redshift - clusters and groups – evidence of dark matter