Development of global surveying techniques, positioning and navigation with satellites, Reference systems: coordinate systems, time systems, satellite orbits: orbit description, orbit determination, orbit dissemination, satellite signalsGPS – reference systems, GPS services, GPS segments, GPS signal structure,  GLONASS - reference systems, GLONASS segments, GLONASS signal structure,  Galileo - reference systems, Galileo services, Galileo segments, Galileo signal structure, IRNSS - signals, services and segments, satellite based augmentation systems (SBAS) - GAGAN, WAAS, EGNOS, MSA

Data types and models – Input / output techniques in GIS (spatial and non-spatial) – editing –Topology – database structure – Spatial analysis of vector and raster data models – Network analysis, optimization of path, time and cost, routing and events, facility location, hydrological analysis –interpolation methods  – multidimensional (MD) data -  spatial representation of data -  object hierarchy -  MD  structure: k-d tree, Point quadtree  – construction and dynamic & kinetic data structure -  topology of 3D data – terrain data acquisition and input –