Spatial data representation – discrete Euclidean plane/ geometric domain/ discritisation of arcs – spatial object domain: vector data models: spaghetti, arc – node , DCEL – field based model: tasseled representation, triangulation, voronoi, Delaunay triangulation – geometric algorithms, topological  and set based algorithms – network analysis, traveling salesperson algorithm – spatial analysis: interpolation methods, deterministic, stochastic, geostatistics, spatial autocorrelation, semi-variogram, kriging, types of kriging – uncertainty and its assessment.