Occurrence and state of cosmic diffuse matter – ionized, atomic, molecular gas and dust – heating and cooling, equilibrium phases – probes of diffuse matter (line and continuum radiations at various wavelengths) – Thermal and ionization equilibrium of HII regions – UV shielding in molecular gas – extinction/reddening/polarization due to dust – dust heating and IR emission – star forming regions - cosmic rays and non-thermal synchrotron emission – recombination and re-ionization of IGM – Lyman alpha forest, Mg absorption systems – Gunn Peterson effect – Heating of intracluster gas – Sunyaev-

Conservation laws – Euler’s Equations – Common Equations of State – Hydrostatic Equiibrium – Isothermal sphere – Virial Theorem – linear perturbation theory – acoustic waves – Jeans’ instability – Rayleigh Taylor instability – de Laval nozzle – Parker wind solution – Bondi accretion – Shock waves – Sedov solution – elements of plasma physics – Debye screening – orbit theory – elements of MHD – flux freezing – Alfven waves – Langmuir oscillations – dispersion relation of electromagnetic waves propagating in plasmas – plasma instabilities – transport phenomena.

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Information Not AvailableCCD characterisation, Orbit maker and Virtual Observatory, Night sky observations ( Polar alignment of an astronomical telescope, Estimating atmospheric extinction in different colours (filters), measuring period of binary, imaging star clusters with various filters and plotting on H-R diagram, Distance determination to Cepheid variables based on their light curves, Classification of stars based on their spectra and the use of spectral classification in deriving distances to stars, etc).

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Principles of Relativity: Overview of Special Relativity – spacetime interval and Lorentz metric – four vectors – Introduction to general relativity (GR) – equivalence principle – notions of curvature – gravitation as a manifestation of the curvature of spacetime – gravitational redshift and clock corrections – orbits in strong gravity, light bending and gravitational lensing – concept of horizon and ergosphere, hydrostatic equilibrium in GR – gravitational radiation.

Classification of galaxies – contents and dimensions – collisionless stellar dynamics – relaxation time, dynamical friction, violent relaxation – galactic potential and orbits – spiral density wave and Lindblad resonance – rotation curves – Tully-Fisher relation – Central Black Holes and fundamental plane relationship – Mass and Luminosity function – Press Schechter formalism – Star formation history and chemical evolution – active galaxies and activity duty cycle – galaxies at high redshift - clusters and groups – evidence of dark matter

Mechanical, Thermal and Nuclear time scales – Hydrostatic equilibrium (Newtonian and Relativistic) – Polytropic Equation of State – Lane Emden Equation – Degenerte matter Equation of State – White Dwafs and Chandrasekhar limit – Virial Theorem - Radiative Equilibrium – Schwarzschild convection criterion – nuclear energy generation – stages of nuclear burning – full set of stellar structure equations – example solutions – HR diagram and the main sequence – Schonberg-Chandrasekhar limit – post- main sequence evolution – Hayashi tracks – Horizontal branch – giant and asymptotic giant branches