Quantum Theory of Atomic Energy Levels – Radiative and Nonradiative decay of excited state atoms –Emission Broadening and linewidth – Radiation and Thermal equilibrium – Conditions for laser action –Laser Oscillation above threshold - Laser Amplifiers – Requirements for obtaining population inversion –Rate Equations for three and four level systems – Laser pumping requirements – Laser Cavity modes –Stable resonators – Gaussian beams- Special Laser Cavities – Q-switching and Mode locking –Generation of ultra fast Optical pulses- Pulse compression

Optical materials: Glasses, IR materials, Optical, mechanical and thermal properties of optical materials,Fabrication of lenses, mirrors and flats: spherical curve generation, polishing and figuring of “CurvedSurfaces” of glass materials, Aspheric surface polishing/figuring, Polishing and figuring of IR materials:Ge, ZnSe and Zns, Advanced computer controlled polishing: Techniques, MRF polishing, Ion polishing,Micro-optics fabrication techniques, Large Mirrors fabrication techniques,

4 Lectures  – Introduction to Kinematic Mount Design(Basics)

Optical and Mechanical Materials: Material properties, Need for mechanical mounts.  Stress Transfer Mechanism: Mechanical Design for minimum stress transfer. Design of Mechanical Mounts for Lenses and Mirrors: Gimbal Mount, Closed form solutions. Different categories of Mechanical Mounts, Fine Mechanics design, Linear and nonlinear movements; CAMS.

Optical field, interaction between light and matter; basic concept of reflection (specular and diffuse), refraction, transmission, absorption and scattering, speckle and its applications, coherence: temporal and spatial, van Cittert-Zernike theorem and its applications, polarized light, Stokes parameters, Jones and Muller matrices, Interferometer and its extension to polarization domain, diffraction, optical singular fields. Gaussian theory of optical system

1. X-rays: X-ray diffraction: estimation of crystallographic parameters, X-ray fluorescence: elemental identification of given samples (9 hours)
2. Optical absorption spectra of materials, estimation of (direct / indirect) band-gap (6 hours)
3. Hall effect: estimation of carrier concentration, Hall voltage and carrier mobility (9 hours).
4. Zeeman effect (6 hours)
5. Temperature-dependent current measurements: estimation of activation energy (6 hours)
6. Raman spectrometer: stokes and anti-stokes lines (6 hours)
7. Rydberg constant: hydrogen spectrum – differ

1.Fundamental concepts: Kets, bras, and operators. Base kets and matrix representations. Measurements, observables, and the uncertainty relations. Change of basis. Position eigenkets and position measurements. Wave functions in position and momentum space. Momentum operator in the position basis. Gaussian wave packets.

2.Quantum dynamics: Time evolution and the Schrӧdinger equation. The Schrӧdinger versus the Heisenberg picture. Schrӧdinger wave equation. Particle-in-a-box problem, Simple harmonic oscillator.

1.Crystal structure

Periodic arrays of atoms: basis and the crystal structure, primitive lattice. Fundamental types of lattices: 2 and 3 dimensional lattice types, Bravais lattice. Index system for crystal planes. Simple crystal structures with examples. Reciprocal lattice: diffraction of waves by crystals, Bragg’s law. Reciprocal lattice vectors, Brillouin zones.

2. Band structure:

1. Revision of thermodynamics: isolated, closed and open systems, reversible and irreversible processes. Zeroth and first laws: heat, internal energy and enthalpy, Joule- Thompson coefficient. Second law: entropy. Gibb’s free energy, Third law: statements (Nernst, Planck and Lewis).

1)Revision of electromagnetic theory: Fields and potentials (Coulomb’s law, Gauss’ theorem, Poisson’s and Laplace’s   equations, Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s law, Ampere’s law, Gauss’s magnetic field law, Lorentz field     equation, Faraday’s   law, Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s law), fields in vacuum and in matter. Maxwell’s equations.

2)Field interaction with matter: dipole moments and polarization. Field and potential due to electric dipoles and   multipole fields. Equation of continuity, relaxation time of charges in dielectrics and metals.

Dynamics of Particles: reference frames and rotations, energy, angular momentum – Two Body Motion: equations of motion, Kepler laws, solution to two-body problem, conics and relations, vis- viva equation, Kepler equation, orbital elements – orbit determination: Lambert problem, satellite tracking, different methods of solution to Lambert problem – Non-Keplerian Motion: perturbing acceleration-earth aspherical potential, oblateness, third body effects, atmospheric drag effects, ap- plication of perturbations – Orbit Maneuvers: Hohmann transfer, inclination change maneuvers, combined maneuver

Overview of aerodynamics – propulsion – atmosphere and aircraft instrumentation – Aircraft Perfor- mance: range, endurance, gliding, climbing flight, pull-up, pulldown, take-off, landing, accelerating climb, turning flight, V-n diagrams – optimal cruise trajectories – Static Stability & Control: frames of reference (body axis, wind axis) static longitudinal, directional, lateral stability and control, stick fixed and stick free stability, hinge moments, trim-tabs, aerodynamic balancing.