Chemical Bonding and Intermolecular Forces: Ionic, covalent, metallic, and hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, dipole interactions, Influence on material properties. 

Semiconducting Materials: Band theory: conductors, semiconductors, and insulators Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors (n-type and p-type)- Materials: silicon, germanium, GaAs, perovoskites-Doping, defects, and their role in conductivity-Applications in ICs, transistors, solar cells, sensors .

Overview of Data Science, Data Handling with Python, Characteristics of Data, Statistical Description of Data, Data Visualization, Data Preprocessing, Basic Concepts of Machine Learning, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN).

Introduction to Linux – introduction to programming – basic elements of a program,variables, values, types, assignment – expressions and control flow – iteration and loop design, arrays, for loop, functions, pointers, parameters, recursion – object-oriented paradigm, objects, classes, constructors, destructor, operator overloading, friend function, inheritance.