Aberrations: Transverse ray and wave aberrations, chromatic aberration, Ray tracing: paraxial, finite and oblique rays, Image evaluation: transfer functions, point spread function, encircled energy and its computation and measurement, optimization techniques in lens design, merit function, damped least square methods, orthonormalization, and global search method, Tolerance analysis; Achromatic doublets, achromats and aplanats; Cooke triplet and its derivatives; Double Gauss lens, Zoom lenses and aspherics, GRIN optics, focal shift, high and low N number focusing systems, focusing of light i

Atmospheric turbulence – source of turbulence: free atmosphere, mirror seeing, dome seeing, boundary layer. Role of Kelvin-Helmoltz instability. Kolmogorov model of turbulance. Outer scale and inner scale,Reynolds number.