Basic concepts, composition of the atmosphere, equation of state, hydrostatic equilibrium, first law of thermodynamics, application of first law, entropy, second law, heat capacity, dry adiabatic processes, transfer processes, moist thermodynamic processes in atmosphere, static stability, cloud characteristics and processes, Global energy and entropy balances, thermodynamic feedback in the climate system, thermodynamic diagrams.

The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation; Solid angle, Fundamental of radiometric quantities, Concepts of scattering, absorption and polarization of radiation, Quantitative description of radiation; Blackbody Radiation: The Plank Function, Wiens displacement Law, The StefanBoltzmann Law; Kirchoff’s Law, Radiative equilibrium.

Absorption line profiles: Line formation and line shape, Absorption and emission by gas molecules, Physics of scattering and absorption by particles, Rayleigh Scattering, Raman Scattering, Lorentz-Mie theory of light scattering, Geometric Optics.

Internal Structure of Earth:

Introduction to Earth and formation theories. Seismicity and earth’s interior. Compositional and Rheological divisions of Earth; crust, mantle and core; discontinuities. Mineralogy and Earth Resources. Minerals, ores, petroleum, coal and natural gas- their origin, structure and composition, accumulation/migration, source/reservoir rocks, distribution in space and time. General physical, chemical and optical properties of common rock forming minerals.

Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary Petrology: