Review of Embedded Hardware: Gates - Timing Diagram - Memory – microprocessors. Interrupts Microprocessor Architecture - Interrupt Basics - Shared Data Problem - Interrupt latency. Software Development: Round-Robin, Round robin with Interrupts, function-Queue- Scheduling Architecture, Algorithms. Introduction to - Assembler - Compiler - Cross Compilers and Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Object-Oriented Interfacing, Recursion, Debugging strategies, Simulators. Embedded Microcomputer Systems - Motorola MC68H11: Motorola MC68H11 Family Architecture, Interfacing methods.

State space Approach: State space modeling of physical systems – diagonal and Jordan canonical forms – Solution of Linear Time Invariant (LTI) state equation – Cayley Hamilton theorem – Controllability and Observability Tests – Kalman decomposition technique – Controller design by state feedback – Full order/reduced order observer design – observer-based state feedback control – stability definitions in state space domain.

Classical scaling in CMOS, Moore’s Law, Clean room concept, Material properties, crystal structure, lattice, characterization of material based on band diagram and bonding, conductivity, resistivity, sheet resistance, phase diagram and solid solubility.

Growth of single crystal Si, Wafer Cleaning and etching-Wet etch, Dry etch, Plasma etching, RIE etching, etch selectivity/selective etch, Lithography (Photolithography, EUV lithography, X-ray lithography, e-beam lithography etc.) Next generation technologies: Immersion lithography, Phase shift mask, ion lithography, SCALPEL.

Aerodynamic forces and moments – review of governing equations – potential flows – Kutta condition – vortex theorems – thin airfoil theory – finite wing theory – panel methods – flow over delta wings – boundary layer theory – effect of pressure gradient – flow separation and stall – high-lift devices – structure of turbulent boundary layer – Reynolds averaging.

Introduction to Computer Networks: Network Topology, Layered Protocol Stack, Point-to-point and broadcast communications, LAN, WAN, MAN, and the Internet.

Delay analysis in circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching. Queuing models.

Application Layer Protocols: Domain Name System, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), SMTP/E-mail Applications, Voice over IP, and P2P protocols.

Discrete time signals and systems, Properties of LTI Systems, DTFT, Z-T/F; Minimum phase-All pass decomposition, Generalized linear phase; DFS, Frequency sampling and Time aliasing, DFT, Periodic & Circular convolutions; FFT computations using DIT and DIF algorithms; Infinite Impulse Response Digital Filter design: Impulse invariant and Bilinear transformation approaches, Finite Impulse Response Digital filter design: Windowing and Optimal Equiv.-ripple filter design; Filter structures and realization: Signal flow graph representation, Direct form I & II, Cascade and Parallel forms,

Probability Theory: Elementary concepts on probability – axiomatic definition of probability –conditional probability – Bayes’ theorem – random variables – standard discrete and continuous distributions – moments of random variables – moment generating functions – multivariate randomvariables – joint distributions of random variables – conditional and marginal distributions – conditional expectation – distributions of functions of random variables – t and χ2 distributions – Schwartz and Chebyshev inequalities – weak law of large numbers for finite variance case – central limit theorem for i

Integral Transforms: The Fourier transform pair - algebraic properties of Fourier transform – convolution, modulation, and translation – transforms of derivatives and derivatives of transform – inversion theory. Laplace transforms of elementary functions – inverse Laplace transforms – linearity property – first and second shifting theorem – Laplace transforms of derivatives and integrals – Laplace transform of Dirac delta function – applications of Laplace transform in solving ordinary differential equations.