Sky coordinates and motions: Earth Rotation – Sky coordinates – seasons – phases of the Moon – the Moon's orbit and eclipses – timekeeping (sidereal vs synodic period).

Planetary motions – Kepler's Laws – Gravity. Light & Energy – Telescopes – Optics – Detectors.

Planets: Formation of Solar System – planet types – planet atmospheres – extrasolar planets.

Stars: Measuring stellar characteristics (temperature, distance, luminosity, mass, size) – HR diagram – stellar structure (equilibrium, nuclear reactions, energy transport) – stellar evolution.

Bonding in Condensed matter Physics: Forces and energy of interatomic bonding, Primary bonds: Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds, Metallic bonds etc. Secondary bonds: Van der Waals bonds, Hydrogen bonds etc.

Crystal structure: Bravais lattice, primitive vectors, primitive unit cell, conventional unit cell, Wigner-Seitz cell; Symmetry operations and classification of 2- and 3-dimensional Bravais lattices; Common crystal structures; Reciprocal lattice and Brillouin zone; Bragg-Laue formulation of X-ray diffraction by a crystal.

Classical scaling in CMOS, Moore’s Law, Clean room concept, Material properties, crystal structure, lattice, characterization of material based on band diagram and bonding, conductivity, resistivity, sheet resistance, phase diagram and solid solubility.

Growth of single crystal Si, Wafer Cleaning and etching-Wet etch, Dry etch, Plasma etching, RIE etching, etch selectivity/selective etch, Lithography (Photolithography, EUV lithography, X-ray lithography, e-beam lithography etc.) Next generation technologies: Immersion lithography, Phase shift mask, ion lithography, SCALPEL.

Introduction to Computer Networks: Network Topology, Layered Protocol Stack, Point-to-point and broadcast communications, LAN, WAN, MAN, and the Internet.

Delay analysis in circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching. Queuing models.

Application Layer Protocols: Domain Name System, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), SMTP/E-mail Applications, Voice over IP, and P2P protocols.