Introduction to measurement and instrumentation, Static characteristics of instruments; Types of Errors, Statistical Error Analysis, Propagation of Errors; Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation Systems, Sensor Reliability; Basic analog measuring instruments (PMMC, electrodynamometer, rectifier) and its use as electronic voltmeter and ammeter. Wattmeter and Energy meters; High Current/Voltage Measurement – C. T., P. T., C. V. T; Null-Based Measurement - D.C. and A.C.

Mathematical Introduction: Linear vector spaces, inner products, linear operators, eigenvalue problem, generalization to infinite dimensions.

Towards quantum mechanics: relevant experiments, wave particle duality, uncertainty principle, postulates of quantum mechanics, Schrodinger equation, probability current and conservation.

Simple one-dimensional potential problems: Free particle, particle in a box; scattering in step-potentials, transmission and reflection coefficients.

Brief survey of the Newtonian mechanics of a particle and systems of particles; Constraints , generalised coordinates, D'Alembert's principle and Lagrange's equation, velocity dependent potential and dissipation function.

Variational principles and Lagrange's equations, Lagrange multipliers,conservation theorems and symmetry properties.

Central force motion, Kepler's laws,orbital dynamics, stability of circular orbits, precession of equinoxes and of satellite orbits.

Rigid body motion, Euler angles, inertia tensor and moment of inertia.

Linear Algebra: matrices; solution space of system of equations Ax=b, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Cayley-Hamilton theorem – vector spaces over real field, subspaces, linear dependence,independence, basis, dimension – inner product – Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process – linear transformation; null space and nullity, range and rank of a linear transformation.

Electricity: curvilinear coordinates – conservative vector fields and their potential functions –Gauss’ theorem, Stokes’ theorem – physical applications in electrostatics – electrostatic po-tential and field due to discrete and continuous charge distributions – dipole and quadrupole moments – energy density in an electric field – dielectric polarization – conductors and capaci-tors – electric displacement vector – dielectric susceptibility.

Vector Calculus: scalar and vector fields – level surfaces – directional derivatives, gradient, curl, divergence

–  Laplacian – line and surface integrals – theorems of Green, Gauss, and Stokes.

Sequences and Series of Functions: complex sequences – sequences of functions – uniform convergence of series – test for convergence – uniform convergence for series of functions.

Introduction to vectors: linear independence – completeness – basis – dimensionality – inner product – orthogonality – displacement – derivatives of a vector – velocity – acceleration – plane polar coordinates.

Angular momentum: angular momentum and torque on a single particle – angular momentum and torque on a system of particles – moment of inertia – angular momentum of a rigid body

Sequence and Series of Real Numbers: sequence – convergence – limit of sequence – non-decreasing sequence theorem – sandwich theorem (applications) – L'Hopital's rule – infinite series – convergence – geometric series – tests of convergence (nth term test, integral test, comparison test, ratio and root test) – alternating series and conditional convergence – power series.

Review of Embedded Hardware: Gates - Timing Diagram - Memory – microprocessors. Interrupts Microprocessor Architecture - Interrupt Basics - Shared Data Problem - Interrupt latency. Software Development: Round-Robin, Round robin with Interrupts, function-Queue- Scheduling Architecture, Algorithms. Introduction to - Assembler - Compiler - Cross Compilers and Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Object-Oriented Interfacing, Recursion, Debugging strategies, Simulators. Embedded Microcomputer Systems - Motorola MC68H11: Motorola MC68H11 Family Architecture, Interfacing methods.