Sources - memory less and Markov; Information; Entropy; Extended sources; Shannon’s noiseless coding theorem; Source coding; Mutual information; Channel capacity; BSC and other channels; Shannon's channel capacity theorem; Continuous channels; Comparison of communication systems based on Information Theory; Channel Coding - block and convolutional. Block codes majority logic decoding; Viterbi decoding algorithm; Coding gains and performance.

Review of P-N junction characteristics – semiconductor-heterojunction-LEDs (spontaneous emission-LED structure-surface emitting-Edge emitting-Injection efficiency-recombination efficiency-LED characteristics-spectral response-modulation-Bandwidth. Laser diodes-Basic principle-condition for gain-Laser action-population inversion-stimulated emission-Injection faster diode-structure temperature effects-modulation-comparison between LED and ILDs.

Introduction, Manufacturing process: CMOS integrated circuits, Device Physics: MOSFET, CMOS inverter: Characteristics, Static and Dynamic Logic Gates, Sequential logic Gates, Implementation for Digital ICs. Timing Issues in Digital Circuits, Designing Memory and Array Structures.

Digital Image Fundamentals: Elements of visual perception – Image sampling and quantization Basic relationship between pixels – Basic geometric transformations. Image fundamentals and image restoration: Spatial Domain methods‐Spatial filtering:‐ Frequency domain filters –Model of Image Degradation/restoration process – Noise models – Inverse filtering ‐Least mean square filtering – Constrained least mean square filtering – Blind image restoration – Pseudo inverse – Singular value decomposition.

Aspects of EMC with examples, Common EMC units, EMC requirements for electronic systems, Radiated emissions, Conducted emissions, ESD. Application of EMC design, Wires, PCB lands, Component leads, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and ferrites. Electromechanical devices, Digital circuit devices. Mechanical switches (as suppression), Simple emission models for wires and PCB lands, Lice impedance stabilization network (LISN), Power supply filters. Power supplies including SMPS.

Digital control systems – sample and hold systems ‐ Jury stability criterion – Implementation of digital controllers – tunable PID controllers – Digital compensator design using root locus and frequency response methods.

Vector spaces and matrices, transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, norms; geometrical concepts ‐ hyperplanes, convex sets, polytopes and polyhedra; unconstrained optimization ‐ condition for local minima; one dimensional search methods ‐ golden section, fibonacci, newtons, secant search methods; gradient methods ‐ steepest descent; newton's method, conjugate direction methods, conjugate gradient method; constrained optimization ‐ equality conditions, lagrange condition, second order conditions; inequality constraints ‐ karush‐kuhntucker condition; convex optimization; introduction t

Elements of probability theory - random variables - Gaussian distribution - stochastic processes characterizations and properties - Gauss-Markov processes - Brownian motion process - Gauss-Markov models - Optimal estimation for discrete-time systems - fundamental theorem of estimation - optimal prediction.

Optimal filtering - Weiner approach - continuous-time Kalman Filter - properties and implementation - steady-state Kalman Filter - discrete-time Kalman Filter - implementation – sub optimal steady-state Kalman Filter - Extended Kalman Filter - practical applications.

Signals and systems, Vector space, Norms, Matrix theory: Inversion formula, Schur’s complement, Singular Value Decomposition, Positive definiteness; Linear Matrix Inequality: Affine function, Convexity, Elimination lemma, S‐procedure; Calculus of variation, Euler’s Theorem, Lagrange multiplier. Linear fractional transformation (LFT), Different uncertainty structures: Additive, Multiplicative, Uncertainty in Coprime factors; Concept of loop shaping, Bode’s Gain and phase relationship, Small Gain theorem.

Discrete Random Process: Expectation, Variance and Co‐variance, Uniform, Gaussian and Exponentially distributed noise, Hillbert space and inner product for discrete signals, Energy of discrete signals, Parseval’s theorem, Wiener Khintchine relation, power spectral density, Sum decomposition theorem, Spectral factorization theorem.