Quantum bits and quantum gates: quantum bits, basic computations with 1-qubit quantum gates, Pauli matrices or I, X, Y, Z-gates, Hadamard matrix gate or H-gate, quantum gates with multiple qubit inputs and outputs, quantum circuits, non cloning theorem.Quantum measurements: quantum measurements and types, quantum measurements in the orthonormal basis,  Projective  or  von-Neumann  measurements,   POVM   measurements,   quantum   measurements on joint states.Qubit measurements, superdense coding, and quantum teleportation: measuring single quits, measurin

Sky coordinates and motions: Earth Rotation – Sky coordinates – seasons – phases of the Moon – the Moon's orbit and eclipses – timekeeping (sidereal vs synodic period).Planetary motions – Kepler's Laws – Gravity.

Bonding in Condensed matter Physics: Forces and energy of interatomic bonding, Primary bonds: Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds, Metallic bonds etc.

Preliminary concepts, probability theory, introduction to central limit theorem, random walk problem, quasi-static process,thermal and mechanical interactions, laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic potentials. Statistical description of a system of particles,microstates, concept of ensembles, basic postulates, phase space, Liouville's theorem, microcanonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Partition functions. Chemical potential,free energy and connection with thermodynamic variables. Equivalence of ensembles. Ideal gas,Gibbs paradox, M-B gas velocity distribution.

Probability Theory: Elementary concepts on probability – axiomatic definition of probability – conditional probability – Bayes’ theorem – random variables – standard discrete and continuous distributions – moments of random variables – moment generating functions – multivariate random variables – joint distributions of random variables – conditional and marginal distributions – conditional expectation – distributions of functions of random variables – t and χ2 distributions – Schwartz and Chebyshev inequalities – weak law of large numbers for finite variance case – central limit theorem for ii

Introduction to measurement and instrumentation, Static characteristics of instruments; Types of Errors, Statistical Error Analysis, Propagation of Errors; Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation Systems, Sensor Reliability; Basic analog measuring instruments (PMMC, electrodynamometer, rectifier) and its use as electronic voltmeter and ammeter. Wattmeter and Energy meters; High Current/Voltage Measurement – C. T., P. T., C. V. T; Null-Based Measurement - D.C. and A.C.

Mathematical Introduction: Linear vector spaces, inner products, linear operators, eigenvalue problem, generalization to infinite dimensions.Towards quantum mechanics: relevant experiments, wave particle duality, uncertainty principle, postulates of quantum mechanics, Schrodinger equation, probability current and conservation.Simple one-dimensional potential problems: Free particle, particle in a box; scattering in step-potentials, transmission and reflection coefficients.Harmonic oscillator: Obtaining eigenvalues and eigen functions using ladder operators.

Brief survey of the Newtonian mechanics of a particle and systems of particles; Constraints , generalised coordinates, D'Alembert's principle and Lagrange's equation, velocity dependent potential and dissipation function.Variational principles and Lagrange's equations, Lagrange multipliers,conservation theorems and symmetry properties.Central force motion, Kepler's laws,orbital dynamics, stability of circular orbits, precession of equinoxes and of satellite orbits.Rigid body motion, Euler angles, inertia tensor and moment of inertia.Euler's equations of motion, free motion of rigid bodies, mot

Electricity: curvilinear coordinates– conservative vector fields and their potential functions Gauss’ theorem, Stokes’ theorem – physical applications in electrostatics – electrostatic potential and field due to discrete and continuous charge distributions – dipole and quadrupole moments– energy density in an electric field– dielectric polarization – conductors and capacitors– electric displacement vector – dielectric susceptibility.Magnetism: Biot–Savart’s law and Ampere’s law in magnetostatics – magnetic induction due to configurations of current-carrying conductors – magnetization and surfa