Sequence and Series of Real Numbers: sequence – convergence – limit of sequence – non-decreasing sequence theorem – sandwich theorem (applications) – L'Hopital's rule – infinite series – convergence – geometric series – tests of convergence (nth term test, integral test, comparison test, ratio and root test) – alternating series and conditional convergence – power series.

Review of Embedded Hardware: Gates - Timing Diagram - Memory – microprocessors. Interrupts Microprocessor Architecture - Interrupt Basics - Shared Data Problem - Interrupt latency. Software Development: Round-Robin, Round robin with Interrupts, function-Queue- Scheduling Architecture, Algorithms. Introduction to - Assembler - Compiler - Cross Compilers and Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Object-Oriented Interfacing, Recursion, Debugging strategies, Simulators. Embedded Microcomputer Systems - Motorola MC68H11: Motorola MC68H11 Family Architecture, Interfacing methods.

State space Approach: State space modeling of physical systems – diagonal and Jordan canonical forms – Solution of Linear Time Invariant (LTI) state equation – Cayley Hamilton theorem – Controllability and Observability Tests – Kalman decomposition technique – Controller design by state feedback – Full order/reduced order observer design – observer-based state feedback control – stability definitions in state space domain.

Classical scaling in CMOS, Moore’s Law, Clean room concept, Material properties, crystal structure, lattice, characterization of material based on band diagram and bonding, conductivity, resistivity, sheet resistance, phase diagram and solid solubility.

Growth of single crystal Si, Wafer Cleaning and etching-Wet etch, Dry etch, Plasma etching, RIE etching, etch selectivity/selective etch, Lithography (Photolithography, EUV lithography, X-ray lithography, e-beam lithography etc.) Next generation technologies: Immersion lithography, Phase shift mask, ion lithography, SCALPEL.

Equations of Motion: rigid body dynamics, coordinate transformation, Euler angle & quaternion formulation – Dynamics of Generic Fixed Wing Aircraft: 6-DoF equations of motion, linearized equations of motion, linearised longitudinal & lateral equations, aerodynamic derivatives – LTI sys- tem basics – Stability of Uncontrolled Motion: linearized longitudinal & lateral dynamics, modes of motion – Response to Control Inputs: transfer function, step response & frequency response charac- teristics – Feedback Control: stability augmentation, PID control, root-locus technique for co